MINDMAPS FOR UPSCPET 2026 · VISUAL REVISION
Mass movements: keep the turning points straight
Chronological sequence of pacts, repressive acts, mass satyagrahas and withdrawals (1916–1942)
Turning Points of the Mass Nationalist Phase
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1916–1919: Lucknow Pact & Rowlatt Act
- Dec 1916 Lucknow Pact: Congress and All-India Muslim League agreed on a joint constitutional reform scheme.
- March 1919 Rowlatt Act allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for up to two years.
- 13 April 1919: Jallianwala Bagh massacre; the Rowlatt agitation was later suspended amid unrest.
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1920–1922: Non-Cooperation & Chauri Chaura
- 1920: Non-Cooperation launched; the Calcutta and Nagpur sessions endorsed its programme.
- February 1922: the Chauri Chaura incident involved a violent clash and burning of a police station.
- Gandhi called off the Non-Cooperation Movement in Feb 1922 (do not confuse with the 1919 Rowlatt suspension).
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1929–1930: Civil Disobedience Sequence
- Sequence: Irwin Offer on Dominion Status (Oct 1929) → Lahore Congress Purna Swaraj resolution (Dec 1929).
- Followed by Gandhi's Eleven Demands (Jan 1930) → Dandi Salt March (12 March – 6 April 1930).
- Abdul Ghaffar Khan led the nonviolent Khudai Khidmatgars, known as the Red Shirts, in the NWFP.
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1942: Quit India & Underground Radio
- Quit India Movement was launched on 8 August 1942 at Bombay with Mahatma Gandhi's call of 'Do or Die'.
- Top Congress leaders were arrested on 9 August, prompting underground resistance networks across India.
- Usha Mehta organised the underground Secret Congress Radio in Mumbai to broadcast nationalist messages.
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