PET 2026 · History

Read rulers through their historical sources

Connect Mauryan, Gupta, Pushyabhuti and Ghaznavid-era accounts to their authors and polities

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MINDMAPS FOR UPSCPET 2026 · VISUAL REVISION

Read rulers through their historical sources

Connect Mauryan, Gupta, Pushyabhuti and Ghaznavid-era accounts to their authors and polities

Comparison
Rulers, Capitals & Historical Texts

Mauryas and Megasthenes

  • Pataliputra was the Mauryan capital; Chandragupta Maurya founded the empire.
  • Megasthenes, Greek envoy of Seleucus Nicator to Chandragupta Maurya's court, wrote the account Indika.
  • Indika survives through extracts quoted by later Greek and Roman writers such as Strabo, Arrian and Pliny.

Guptas and the Prayag Prashasti

  • Harishena composed the Sanskrit Prayag Prashasti (Allahabad Pillar Inscription) for Gupta ruler Samudragupta.
  • Records Samudragupta's military campaigns and conquests across Aryavarta, Dakshinapatha and frontier kingdoms.
  • A prashasti praises its patron; assess its claims alongside other historical evidence.

Harsha and visitor accounts

  • Harshavardhana ruled from 606 to 647 CE, shifting his seat from Thanesar to Kannauj.
  • Court poet Banabhatta wrote Harshacharita; Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsang) visited his court.
  • A court biography and a traveller’s account reflect different purposes and viewpoints.

Al-Biruni and Kitab-ul-Hind

  • Following Sultan Mahmud's conquest of Khwarizm in 1017 CE, scholar Al-Biruni was brought to Ghazni.
  • In Ghazni and Punjab, Al-Biruni learned Sanskrit and studied Indian astronomy, mathematics and philosophy.
  • He wrote the Arabic treatise Kitab-ul-Hind (Tahqiq-i-Hind), distinct from Megasthenes' Greek Indika.
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Practise this concept · संबंधित प्रश्न

One visual, several questions. These links open the original paper at the matching question.

25 Oct · Shift 1 · 2026

25 Oct · Shift 2 · 2026

30 Oct · Shift 1 · 2026

Sources & study notes · स्रोत

Independent revision material, linked to the paper’s concepts. The question papers and answer-key status are available on OpenPYQ.