PET 2026 · Economy

Green Revolution: a package, not just a seed

How high-yielding semi-dwarf seeds combined with irrigation, fertilisers and price support

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MINDMAPS FOR UPSCPET 2026 · VISUAL REVISION

Green Revolution: a package, not just a seed

How high-yielding semi-dwarf seeds combined with irrigation, fertilisers and price support

Process flow
Green Revolution Package & Impact
  1. 1 · Improved seeds

    • Norman E. Borlaug developed the high-yielding semi-dwarf wheat varieties (Father of the Green Revolution).
    • M.S. Swaminathan led the adaptation and field introduction of these varieties in India in the mid-1960s.
    • Shorter, sturdier stems reduced lodging when crops received higher fertiliser inputs.
  2. 2 · Water and cultivation inputs

    • HYV seeds required assured and timely irrigation rather than dependence on uncertain monsoon rains.
    • Suitable fertiliser inputs helped realise the yield potential of improved seeds.
    • Crop protection controlled pests, weeds and diseases as part of the cultivation package.
  3. 3 · Institutions and markets

    • Institutional credit and subsidies helped farmers buy seeds, fertilisers, diesel pumps and tractors.
    • Price support and procurement reduced market risk for participating farmers.
    • Public procurement and buffer stocking by the Food Corporation of India (FCI) fed the PDS network.
  4. 4 · Gains and resource pressures

    • Higher cereal output strengthened food security and reduced dependence on imports.
    • Initial gains were concentrated in wheat (and later rice) in Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh.
    • Intensive water and chemical use created groundwater depletion and soil-health challenges over time.
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30 Oct · Shift 1 · 2026

Sources & study notes · स्रोत

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