PET 2026 · Geography

Latitude, longitude and local time

Link Earth's grid of parallels and meridians to solar time

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MINDMAPS FOR UPSCPET 2026 · VISUAL REVISION

Latitude, longitude and local time

Link Earth's grid of parallels and meridians to solar time

Concept map
Earth's coordinates and time
Longitude and the difference in local timeSchematic globe360° ÷ 24 hours = 15°/hour1° longitude = 4 minutesEast → local time aheadWest → local time behind
Longitude and the difference in local timeSwipe sideways to explore the diagram.

Latitude: north and south

  • Measure angular distance north or south of the Equator (0°) up to the poles (90°).
  • Tropic of Cancer (23½° N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23½° S) bound the torrid zone.
  • Parallels run east–west; their circumference decreases towards the poles.

Important parallels

  • Africa is the only continent crossed by the Equator and both Tropics.
  • South America is crossed by the Equator and Tropic of Capricorn.
  • Asia and North America are crossed by the Tropic of Cancer and Arctic Circle.

Longitude and rotation

  • Meridians run pole to pole, measuring longitude east or west of Greenwich (0°).
  • Earth rotates 360° in 24 hours: 15° equals 1 hour, and 1° equals 4 minutes.
  • For equal reference instants, local mean solar time is ahead to the east and behind to the west.

Local and standard time

  • At 90° E, local mean solar time is 90 ÷ 15 = 6 hours ahead of Greenwich.
  • Civil time uses chosen time zones rather than a different clock for every meridian.
  • India's standard meridian 82½° E gives IST = UTC + 5 hours 30 minutes (82.5 × 4 min).
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Practise this concept · संबंधित प्रश्न

One visual, several questions. These links open the original paper at the matching question.

25 Oct · Shift 2 · 2026

30 Oct · Shift 1 · 2026

Sources & study notes · स्रोत

Independent revision material, linked to the paper’s concepts. The question papers and answer-key status are available on OpenPYQ.