MINDMAPS FOR UPSCPET 2026 · VISUAL REVISION
Panchayats and municipalities
Constitutional design of rural and urban local self-government under the 73rd and 74th Amendments
Constitutional Local Self-Government (1992 Acts)
73rd Amendment: Rural Panchayats
- Added Part IX (Articles 243 to 243O) and the Eleventh Schedule with 29 functional subjects.
- Enacted in 1992 and came into force on 24 April 1993, granting constitutional status to Panchayati Raj.
- Intermediate-tier Panchayats are optional in states with population not exceeding 20 lakh.
74th Amendment: municipalities
- Added Part IXA (Articles 243P to 243ZG) and the Twelfth Schedule with 18 urban functional items.
- Known as the Nagarpalika Act; enacted in 1992 and came into force on 1 June 1993.
- Urban forms: Nagar Panchayat, Municipal Council and Municipal Corporation.
Reservation of Seats (Art 243D & 243T)
- SC and ST seats are reserved in proportion to their population in the local body area.
- Constitutional minimum for women is not less than one-third (1/3) of all directly elected seats.
- The one-third minimum includes seats reserved for women belonging to SCs and STs.
Tenure, Elections & Finance
- Normal tenure is five years; early dissolution follows constitutional election rules.
- State Election Commission (Art 243K / 243ZA) supervises electoral rolls and conducts local elections.
- Governor constitutes a State Finance Commission every 5 years (Art 243I / 243Y) to review local finances.
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