PET 2026 · Polity

Panchayats and municipalities

Constitutional design of rural and urban local self-government under the 73rd and 74th Amendments

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MINDMAPS FOR UPSCPET 2026 · VISUAL REVISION

Panchayats and municipalities

Constitutional design of rural and urban local self-government under the 73rd and 74th Amendments

Comparison
Constitutional Local Self-Government (1992 Acts)

73rd Amendment: Rural Panchayats

  • Added Part IX (Articles 243 to 243O) and the Eleventh Schedule with 29 functional subjects.
  • Enacted in 1992 and came into force on 24 April 1993, granting constitutional status to Panchayati Raj.
  • Intermediate-tier Panchayats are optional in states with population not exceeding 20 lakh.

74th Amendment: municipalities

  • Added Part IXA (Articles 243P to 243ZG) and the Twelfth Schedule with 18 urban functional items.
  • Known as the Nagarpalika Act; enacted in 1992 and came into force on 1 June 1993.
  • Urban forms: Nagar Panchayat, Municipal Council and Municipal Corporation.

Reservation of Seats (Art 243D & 243T)

  • SC and ST seats are reserved in proportion to their population in the local body area.
  • Constitutional minimum for women is not less than one-third (1/3) of all directly elected seats.
  • The one-third minimum includes seats reserved for women belonging to SCs and STs.

Tenure, Elections & Finance

  • Normal tenure is five years; early dissolution follows constitutional election rules.
  • State Election Commission (Art 243K / 243ZA) supervises electoral rolls and conducts local elections.
  • Governor constitutes a State Finance Commission every 5 years (Art 243I / 243Y) to review local finances.
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Sources & study notes · स्रोत

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